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	<title>The Chesapeake &#187; The Bay/Environment</title>
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		<title>A Blossom In A Pine Tree</title>
		<link>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2011/04/14/a-blossom-in-a-pine-tree/</link>
		<comments>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2011/04/14/a-blossom-in-a-pine-tree/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Apr 2011 05:11:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>krossignol</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[The Bay/Environment]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.the-chesapeake.com/?p=1521</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By Vi Englund The Chesapeake A door had closed in my life. One morning I awakened at dawn: I lingered by that closed door. Then, as in previous losses, I walked alone. The wet grass beneath my feet healed my body. The trees overhead fed my spirit. And I kept hearing, or thought I heard: [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="font-size: xx-small;">By Vi Englund<br />
The Chesapeake</p>
<p>A door had closed in my life. One morning I awakened at dawn: I lingered by that closed door. Then, as in previous losses, I walked alone.</p>
<p>The wet grass beneath my feet healed my body. The trees overhead fed my spirit. And I kept hearing, or thought I heard: <em>Live it now. Live it now. You cannot live tomorrow unless you live today – this moment.</em></p>
<p>Then I became aware of the great process of time. We hold nothing. All things go. I became part of that stream of time when the ancient life-forms started. I could see those life-forms as though in progression. Vivid as a chart on a museum wall. Yet the ancient oaks speak only of today. An unbelievable optimism overflowed me. The Life-Force moves. It continues to grow and change. It re-creates from decaying hearts new grasses – perhaps in different form. And there is an expanding consciousness to perceive the wonder of this movement of Life!</p>
<p>Suddenly I knew my part in this. It is not to war with progress. Not to spend my force grieving because the buffalo are gone and the whale may be leaving. Not grasping for some utopian future. But from my thought and feeling first in mind and heart and then in words, tell what it is – just what it is this day.</p>
<p>So, this day I saw a crimson blossom of a trumpet flower in a pine tree. It bloomed above fist-sized cones. I saw the arched head of a deer; the gentle grace of a doe in movement. I saw a cottontail, poised as a statue. For a while I walked in the tracks of a raccoon. I sat on a moss-covered stump and wondered, what myth am I living? Promptly the answer came: Emerson’s woodlot myth, I smiled. I thought I heard the chuckle of a friend.</p>
<p>I departed the woods and went to the beach. Through cracks in the pier, three inches from my eyes, I saw two barn swallows with their golden lined beaks closed. In their carefully feathered nest, they slept the deep sleep of infants’ sleep. Their elders sat on the dock rail. They chatted together before starting the day of feeding their young. I heard the quack of a blue heron, and the plop of the dive of a tern. I listened to all the birds, and did not care about their names.</p>
<p>Today I walked in the good earth. I felt a gnarled oak with these fingers. I saw a blossom in a pine tree, and it healed me. I said, &#8220;Let the past go. Let the future be. It is enough to feel, and see, and be in this instant in time.&#8221;</p>
<p>I understood that the door was not really closed. All the life and live I’d known walked with me beneath the trees. Life flows in an endless stream. Being a part of life, we flow with it.</p>
<p>The swallows gather food</p>
<p>for their young.</p>
<p>I gather a different food,</p>
<p>for a different young.</p>
<p></span></strong></p>
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		<title>How to make your own laundry detergent</title>
		<link>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2011/04/14/how-to-make-your-own-laundry-detergent/</link>
		<comments>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2011/04/14/how-to-make-your-own-laundry-detergent/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Apr 2011 04:54:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>krossignol</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[The Bay/Environment]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.the-chesapeake.com/?p=1518</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ By Joey Greenwell THE CHESAPEAKE This past weekend, I made a fresh batch of homemade laundry detergent from a recipe my mom Leslie gave us. I enjoyed the process – I got to make a giant bucket of slime in the kitchen and my kids and wife had a blast. Let’s see what we can [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> By Joey Greenwell</p>
<p>THE CHESAPEAKE</p>
<p>This past weekend, I made a fresh batch of homemade laundry detergent from a recipe my mom Leslie gave us. I enjoyed the process –</p>
<p></span></strong>I got to make a giant bucket of slime in the kitchen and my kids and wife had a blast.<strong> Let’s see what we can learn from the process that might save us some cash.</strong></p>
<p>Making the Laundry Detergent<strong><br />
The only ingredients you actually need for homemade laundry detergent are as follows:</strong></p>
<p>The Cost Breakdown<strong><br />
Here’s what I paid for the ingredients…</strong>a single batch makes 52 loads’ worth of detergent.</p>
<p>The box of Borax, which contains enough Borax for at least twelve batches of detergent, cost $2.89. The box of washing soda, which contains enough soda for six batches of detergent, cost $1.89. The soap, which came in packs of three (as pictured above), cost $0.89 per pack – I bought two, to ensure I had enough for six batches. The Iowa sales tax on this stuff was $0.39, giving me a total bill of $6.95 for the ingredients – enough for six batches. I also used perhaps a penny’s worth of water and a penny’s worth of heat to heat it – a total cost of $6.97.</p>
<p>Each batch of detergent contains 52 cups of the solution – 48 from the three gallons in the bucket, and four more cups of water with the dissolved soap. Since I use one cup per load, this means</p>
<p><strong>Let’s say, hypothetically, that I make six batches of the stuff and use the other half of the box of Borax for something else. That means</p>
<p>Let’s look up Tide with Bleach Alternative, the <em>Consumer Reports</em> recommended detergent. You can buy four bottles of the 150 ounce Tide with Bleach Alternative <span style="text-decoration: underline;">from Amazon for $62.60</span>. We’ll assume free shipping and no taxes here to help Tide’s case out. Each of those Tide bottles has enough detergent for 78 loads of laundry, meaning the case will cover 312 loads of laundry. Thus,</p>
<p>I can assure you that we have been using this detergent for awhile now and love it! Whatever soap you use is the smell the detergent will take on. So all you hunters out there, use a bar of scent free body soap and you won’t have to buy the outrageously price scent free detergent!</p>
<p><strong> </p>
<p></strong></strong>I’ve made enough detergent for 312 loads of laundry for a total cost of $6.97.<strong> That’s </strong>roughly two and a quarter cents per load of laundry<strong>.</strong>each load of laundry using Tide with Bleach Alternative costs almost exactly twenty cents($.20)</p>
<p>1 cup washing soda (I use Arm &amp; Hammer)<br />
1/2 cup borax (I use 20 Mule Team)<br />
1 bar soap (I used dove, but I we used scent free hunters soap it would save $ on scent free detergent)<br />
Approximately 3 gallons water</p>
<p>You’ll also need a container of some sort to store this in (I use a five gallon bucket with a lid), something to stir it (I use a large wooden spoon), another pot to boil soapy water in (I use one big enough to hold about ten cups), and something to cut up the soap (I use a cheese grater).</p>
<p>First thing, put about four cups of water into the pan and put it on the stove on high until it’s at boiling, then lower the heat until it’s simmering.</p>
<p>While it’s heating up, take a bar of soap and cut it up into little bits. I found a lot of success using our box grater, which resulted in a ton of little soap curls.</p>
<p>When the water is boiling, start throwing in the soap. I recommend just doing a bit at a time, then stirring it until it’s dissolved.</p>
<p>Stir the soapy water with a spoon until all of the soap is dissolved. Eventually, the water will take on the color of the soap you added, albeit paler. I used Dove soap for this, which was a white soap that looked a lot like a bar of Ivory.</p>
<p>In the end, you’ll have some very warm soap soup:</p>
<p>Next, get out your large container and add three gallons of warm tap water to it. I’m using a bright orange five gallon bucket that I had lying around:</p>
<p>To this bucket add a cup of the washing soda and the soap solution you made and stir. The borax is optional – some people say that it’s too harsh, but I’ve always found that it did a good job getting clothes clean and fresh smelling, so I recommend adding a half cup of borax to the mix.</p>
<p>After stirring, you’ll have a bucket full of vaguely soapy water:</p>
<p>Don’t worry about the color – it varies depending on what kind of soap you use. I made a batch with Lever 2000 in the past and it had a greenish tint to it, and I’ve heard reports of all kinds of different colors from other people who have tried this.</p>
<p>At this point, let the soap sit for 24 hours, preferably with a lid on it. I just took our bucket to the laundry room.</p>
<p>When you take off the lid, you’ll find any number of things, depending on the type of soap you used and the water you used. It might be firm, like Jello; it might be very watery; it might even be like liquid laundry detergent. Just stir it up a bit and it’s ready to be used.</p>
<p>My batch wound up being rather slimy. It had some slimy-feeling water with various sized pieces of white gelatinous stuff floating in it. Here’s what it looked like – I’m using a video here because images don’t really capture it.</p>
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		<title>Warming the home with woodstove</title>
		<link>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2011/04/13/warming-the-home-with-woodstove/</link>
		<comments>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2011/04/13/warming-the-home-with-woodstove/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 2011 23:58:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>krossignol</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[The Bay/Environment]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.the-chesapeake.com/?p=1512</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By Joey Greenwell THE CHESAPEAKE With spring knocking on our door and the temperatures warming up; it may seem like an odd time to write about heating your home. However, for several reasons it is the perfect time. With the problems we are all facing with the current economy and job market, a lot of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="font-size: xx-small;">By Joey Greenwell</p>
<p>THE CHESAPEAKE</p>
<p>With spring knocking on our door and the temperatures warming up; it may seem like an odd time to write about heating your home. However, for several reasons it is the perfect time.</p>
<p>With the problems we are all facing with the current economy and job market, a lot of wallets took a beating this winter keeping our homes warm. I was able to keep our house warm over the winter for next to nothing.</p>
<p>Many of us in southern Maryland are fortunate to have woodstoves in our homes, but I’m sure the number of homes with alternative heating methods outweighs the wood burners.</p>
<p>Now that its tax time, you should consider the possibility of using some refund money to install a woodstove.</p>
<p>It will more than pay for itself. Most homes nowadays have heat pumps. Some people may like the heat pumps, but if you have ever had oil or wood heat, I personally don’t see why you would like the heat pump.</p>
<p>Heat pumps almost always have a backup heat system such as electric or gas. This is due to the fact that once the outside temperature gets below a certain point the heat pump quits working. So even though you may think your heat pump is efficient, it still pulls a lot of electricity and stops working on really cold days. Natural gas and propane are surely a hot, clean heat but you sure do pay for it.</p>
<p>I’ve had houses with every type of heat and hands down, propane was the most expensive.</p>
<p>I personally love oil heat second only to wood. It’s usually cheaper than gas or propane and if you ever run dry, you can always pour a little diesel fuel in the tank until you can get a delivery of fuel oil. All these heat sources do have one thing in common though…they don’t work when the power is out like wood will.</p>
<p>Wood to me is the miracle heating fuel. And to save money in today’s world, it’s one of the best ways to reduce your household expenses. My home is well insulated and about 1,800 square feet and has two floors.</p>
<p>It usually costs me around $100 to heat my home for a whole year. Not everyone will be able to do this, but here is how I do it. My home had two fireplaces in it when I bought the house, one on each floor. Fireplaces are very poor heat sources because they actually suck warm air out of your house and are difficult to control the burn. They provide a little radiant heat but next to no convection heat.</p>
<p>Several years ago I used my tax return to purchase a woodstove insert and installed it in my upstairs fireplace.</p>
<p>My woodstove, like many new ones is also an energy-star certified appliance so I got a tax credit on the purchase. Just because you’re current home doesn’t have a fireplace or existing woodstove doesn’t mean you can’t add one.</p>
<p>Woodstoves can be installed in just about any house by most home improvement contractors or a competent handyman. There are even woodstoves certified for use in mobile homes. I use about 4 cords of wood per year to heat my house.</p>
<p>A cord is the volume measurement that firewood is bought and sold with. To be a full cord of wood it has to be a stack of wood measuring 4’x4’x8’. If you don’t have the desire or resources to cut and split your own firewood, average prices per cord delivered are $120-$150.</p>
<p>My goal, and I hope the goal of all my readers is to become self-sufficient. Therefore, over the years I have purchased a good chainsaw, log-splitter and have a pickup.</p>
<p>The cost savings of having wood has paid for the saw and splitter over time. Just about every time I check the local online classifieds I see an add or two for someone with a tree that has fallen or is in the way for free as long as you cut it up and haul it.</p>
<p>This along with my own trees is where my wood comes from. But..Once you cut and split your own wood it needs to dry completely or &#8220;season&#8221; before it will burn. Depending on the thickness of your wood, this typically takes one year. One way to tell your wood is seasoned is to look at the ends and ensure there are small cracks are present. These are called &#8220;checking&#8221; and tell you that the wood is seasoned. If you do decide to cut and split your own wood, it’s definitely a great workout!</p>
<p>Wood is efficient, renewable and can cost as little as some sweat and sore muscles. You can keep your family warm even when the power is out and cut your dependency of oil/gas. If your wheels are turning about this wonderful heat source hit the internet. There are numerous sites dedicated strictly to wood heat that are much more in depth than this brief intro. So when you get that tax return this year, think about purchasing a woodstove….it’s worth it.</p>
<p></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> </p>
<p></span></span></strong></p>
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		<title>Bill will seize riparian rights</title>
		<link>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2011/03/09/bill-will-seize-riparian-rights/</link>
		<comments>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2011/03/09/bill-will-seize-riparian-rights/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Mar 2011 23:10:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>krossignol</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[The Bay/Environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Riparian rights]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.the-chesapeake.com/?p=1439</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By Rich Pelz The CHESAPEAKE HB 208 A bill to Confiscate all riparian rights shellfish grounds by the state of Maryland. Gone are the good old days. You can read the entire bill at http://mlis.state.md.us/2011rs/bills/hb/hb0208f.pdf Look specifically at the new language at the very end of the bill. &#8221; SECTION 2. AND BE IT FURTHER [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="font-size: xx-small;">By Rich Pelz</p>
<p>The CHESAPEAKE</p>
<p>HB 208 A bill to Confiscate all riparian rights shellfish grounds by the state of Maryland.</p>
<p>Gone are the good old days.</p>
<p>You can read the entire bill at <span style="text-decoration: underline;">http://mlis.state.md.us/2011rs/bills/hb/hb0208f.pdf</span></p>
<p>Look specifically at the new language at the very end of the bill.</p>
<p>&#8221; SECTION 2. AND BE IT FURTHER ENACTED, That any riparian owner who has used or is actively using any creek, cove, or inlet directly in front of his or her property for depositing oysters or other shellfish if the water surface at the mouth of the creek, cove, or inlet is 300 feet or less in width at mean low water shall have the right of first refusal to apply on or before December 31, 2011, for a submerged land lease for that area in accordance with the provisions of Title 4, Subtitle 11A of the Natural Resources Article. &#8221;</p>
<p>Understand some of the ramifications MAY be important.</p>
<p>You lose your right of first refusal On January 1</p>
<p>If you were interested in oyster restoration: Forget it. This bill will make all of the water in these protected creeks public bottom. That means in St. Mary’s, Calvert and all the other Bay Counties any one with an oyster license, be it recreational or commercial can take all of the legal sized oysters in a riparian rights creek as long as they obey the harvest regulations or just don’t get caught. So if you started your own little sanctuary reef. Consider it gone.</p>
<p>If you are interested in Oyster Aquaculture riparian rights creeks gave you a large buffer protecting you from poaching. Under this bill, you will lose that margin of safety. Natural Resource Police are already spread pretty thin . You will have to be your own Policeman 24 &#8211; 7 Do not expect them to come running when you need them. Let alone to catch the thief themselves. This bill will add hundreds if not thousands of miles of shoreline throughout the state for them to patrol. Frozen sections of water during the oyster season will not make their job any easier.</p>
<p>You will now have to pay for what was already yours and it won’t be cheap just to keep what you had. It will be expensive. To Apply for a bottom lease you pay $300. Then you rent it at a mere $8 an acre per year but are required to to maintain it at about $6000 per acre every other year or so. But then you might just get a few bushels of oysters off your grounds to offset some of the costs.</p>
<p>If you don’t like it just call or write your legislator while there is still time.</p>
<p><strong><font size="1">Contact your Legislators <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://mlis.state.md.us/st">http://mlis.state.md.us/</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;">.<br />
After that somebody I mean just anybody can file for a lease right in front of your home and you will not have any say as to who they are or for that matter if the state will lease the grounds to them. The law does not require that they be citizens of Maryland or for that matter even the United States.</span></span></p>
<p></font><span style="font-size: xx-small;">st</span></strong></span><a href="http://mlis.state.md.us/st"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">st</span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;">.<br />
After that somebody I mean just anybody can file for a lease right in front of your home and you will not have any say as to who they are or for that matter if the state will lease the grounds to them. The law does not require that they be citizens of Maryland or for that matter even the United States.</span></p>
<p></strong></p>
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		<title>The Chesapeake Arrives In The Archives</title>
		<link>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2011/03/08/the-chesapeake-arrives-in-the-archives/</link>
		<comments>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2011/03/08/the-chesapeake-arrives-in-the-archives/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Mar 2011 02:33:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>krossignol</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[The Bay/Environment]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.the-chesapeake.com/?p=1429</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By Vi Englund THE CHESAPEAKE For the first time in fifty two years I returned to the campus of the University of Northern Colorado in Greeley. It is located just a good eyeful of distance east of the Rocky Mountains, halfway between Cheyenne and Denver. When I was on the campus it was a Teachers [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="font-size: xx-small;">By Vi Englund</p>
<p>THE CHESAPEAKE</p>
<p>For the first time in fifty two years I returned to the campus of the University of Northern Colorado in Greeley. It is located just a good eyeful of distance east of the Rocky Mountains, halfway between Cheyenne and Denver.</p>
<p>When I was on the campus it was a Teachers College and they had a College High School. I attended high school in 1937 and 38. This was the first year James A Michener joined the faculty with a position in social studies. He remained four years as a professor. My family migrated to California.</p>
<p>After roaming about the world I made this pilgrimage because Elderhostel offered a week long class on the history of the South Platte.</p>
<p>In the first orientation meeting twenty three silver haired students from all parts of the United States were asked, &#8220;Why are you attending this program?&#8221;</p>
<p>My response: My mother Elmyra Josephine Paterson was born in Greeley in 1888. Before she was sixteen, her mother and other assorted relatives had made two roundtrips to Saint Jo, Missouri. Many people were riding by train at this time, but this crew made the journey by covered wagon. They followed the old overland route through Julesug to the Missouri River. I thought if I learned something about the history of the South Platte I would discover why Grandma was so restless.</p>
<p>The high point of the week was meeting Robert W. Larson, Professor of History. He had just published a book called</p>
<p>I showed him a page from a newspaper printed August 27, 1977. It had an article and picture of James A. Michener and on the same page a picture and article of me autographing my book Professor Larson said, &#8220;Come with me. We must have this article and your book in our archives. You are an alumni.&#8221;</p>
<p>We exchanged books. Mine went to the archives and his came back to St. Mary’s.</p>
<p>He said, &#8220;Anything else you publish, please send it to the archives.&#8221;</p>
<p>During the week I attended informative classes and attended the many interesting functions arranged by Elderhostel. This included a trip to the Rockies to the shadow of those beautiful twin peaks.</p>
<p>I spent much time walking over the campus and re-discovered the yerning for learning that gripped me when I was fifteen. I know now, this yearning was nourished by the atmosphere of this particular school.</p>
<p>One afternoon, Nancy Kisvater, Director of the Elderhostel Program volunteered to take me out to the South Platte.</p>
<p>We found the house I was born, I studied the fields where my family labored. I recalled following the plow and my father, picking up arrow heads. I had a box full. I looked at the river, it is puny compared to the Potomac. But over the years the Platte has changed the terrain. The big slough was gone but enough water remained for fish. I watched the slow moving carp in the murky water, and the memories went swimming by of life on the sugar beet farm.</p>
<p>On August 4 I received a copy of the August issue of the The Chesapeake travelled by truck from Lexington Park to Washington D.C., by plane to Memphis and by plane to Denver, and again by truck to Greeley. All in twenty four hours by Federal Express.</p>
<p>As I stood by my grandmother’s resting place and looked at the stone, I thought of those grueling long trips by covered wagon. My mother described to me the hardship and the time – the long slow time of those journeys.</p>
<p>And then I thought of another story. The Doctor had told my grandmother she was going to die. A few days later she looked up at my father and made her final request. &#8220;Henry, will you take me for one last buggy ride.&#8221;</p>
<p>Over a half century the Platte has changed the terrain of the river bed. Over a half century time has changed the terrain of my thinking. I feel a kinship with those pioneer people who struggled for their life on the Great Plains.</p>
<p>Maybe someday some grandchild will wonder why Grandma was going to sea in a sailboat when everyone else was zooming around in a jet.</p>
<p>I only hope when my time comes that I can say with gusto, &#8220;Please take me for one more buggy ride.&#8221; Or in my case it might be – one more sail – for I love the sea.</p>
<p><strong><font size="1"> </p>
<p></font></strong></span> </p>
<p></strong>Shaping Educational Change<strong>. It is about the first century of history of the University that was founded in 1889.</strong>The Strand<strong>. Dorothy Shannon, of the Enterprise had interviewed Michener on the Eastern Shore, and she had written the article about autographing my book.</strong></p>
<p>So I took the August copy of The Chesapeake<strong>, with my article about the sea and placed it in the archives of the James A. Michener library.</strong></p>
<p>(Editor’s Note: Vi Englund, who penned prose for The Chesapeake, was a world traveler who sailed the Caribbean doing charters with her husband Glenn. They owned the former TravelTours in Lexington Park until her death. She certainly got her ‘one last buggy ride’)</p>
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		<title>Coast Guard Cutter Capstan breaks ice near Baltimore</title>
		<link>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2011/01/17/coast-guard-cutter-capstan-breaks-ice-near-baltimore/</link>
		<comments>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2011/01/17/coast-guard-cutter-capstan-breaks-ice-near-baltimore/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 17 Jan 2011 17:01:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>krossignol</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Boating/Recreation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Bay/Environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Capstan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Chesapeake Bay ice]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Coast Guard]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ice breaking]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.the-chesapeake.com/?p=1245</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[BALTIMORE - The crew of the Coast Guard Cutter Capstan, homeported in Philadelphia, breaks ice on the Chesapeake Bay near the Sassafras River in Maryland, Jan. 14, 2011. The Capstan and its crew conducted ice breaking operations in the upper Chesapeake Bay for three days. U.S. Coast Guard photo by Petty Officer 3rd Class Jonathan Lindberg.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="mceTemp">
<dl id="attachment_1246" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 310px;">
<dt class="wp-caption-dt"><a href="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Ice-Breaking-on-Bay.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1246" title="Ice Breaking on Bay" src="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Ice-Breaking-on-Bay-300x199.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="199" /></a></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd">Coast Guard Cutter Capstan clears a path through ice on the Chesapeake Bay. Coast Guard photo</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>BALTIMORE &#8211; The crew of the Coast Guard Cutter Capstan, homeported in Philadelphia, breaks ice on the Chesapeake Bay near the Sassafras River in Maryland, Jan. 14, 2011. The Capstan and its crew conducted ice breaking operations in the upper Chesapeake Bay for three days. U.S. Coast Guard photo by Petty Officer 3rd Class Jonathan Lindberg.</p>
<p><img title="More..." src="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-includes/js/tinymce/plugins/wordpress/img/trans.gif" alt="" /></p>
<p><a href="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Coast-Guard-Cutter-Capstan-breaking-ice-on-upper-Bay-2011.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1247" title="Coast Guard Cutter Capstan breaking ice on upper Bay 2011" src="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Coast-Guard-Cutter-Capstan-breaking-ice-on-upper-Bay-2011-300x199.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="199" /></a></p>
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		<title>The Murky Minds of MDE Regulators Confuse Those</title>
		<link>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2010/12/27/the-murky-minds-of-mde-regulators-confuse-those/</link>
		<comments>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2010/12/27/the-murky-minds-of-mde-regulators-confuse-those/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Dec 2010 02:27:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>krossignol</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[The Bay/Environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Chesapeake]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dock]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maryland]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[MDE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[monitoring station]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[oyster farms]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ricxhard Pelz]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.the-chesapeake.com/?p=1118</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ By Richard Pelz THE CHESAPEAKE Things that make you go HUH???? Environmentalists have been talking about it for decades, politicians almost as long. The Chesapeake Bay needs more oysters. Jay Heberle of Calvert county got it. He understands. He took it all in. Then he decided to do something about it. As a waterfront property [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> By Richard Pelz<br />
THE CHESAPEAKE</p>
<p>Things that make you go HUH????</p>
<p>Environmentalists have been talking about it for decades, politicians almost as long.</p>
<p>The Chesapeake Bay needs more oysters.</p>
<p>Jay Heberle of Calvert county got it. He understands. He took it all in. Then he decided to do something about it.</p>
<p>As a waterfront property owner and a good steward of the Bay he decided to grow oysters.</p>
<p>But a boat from the Maryland Department of the Environment came by and they saw it.</p>
<p>Finding this to be very important they came over to investigate. They returned and gave him a citation for growing oysters. Not the good kind of citation either. They cited him for growing too many oysters and gave him 60 days to correct the situation. So.. To bring the site into compliance he has to reduce the number of oysters. Huh?</p>
<p>I used to grow oysters at my mother in laws dock when she lived in St. Celement’s Shores.</p>
<p>The Maryland Department reclassified my area from open to restricted and I could no longer harvest directly from the area. The sampling station they used was was on the other side of St. Clements Bay near the mouth of a polluted creek. Well over a mile away.</p>
<p>Several years later Jon Farrington applied for an aquaculture permit to raise oysters commercially in Calvert County. In order to do this the Maryland Department of the Environment requires the water to be classified for shellfish production.</p>
<p>They need 30 samples over a 3 year period before they think they have enough data to classify the water. So in order to accomplish this they set up a monitoring station near the end of his dock. A year and a half later they changed the person who was doing the monitoring.</p>
<p>No two people do things the exact same way so the new monitoring person started testing the water 25 feet from where it had been done previously.</p>
<p>The head of the Shellfish waters section found out and disqualified all of the previous data and required the monitoring to start over. This is the same person that made the decision for St. Clements Bay. 25 feet is too far but over a mile is close enough? Huh?</p>
<p>But the tale of Thomas Taylor is even more interesting.</p>
<p>Thomas is an outstanding citizen and just a great guy to know. He is also a fellow Viet Nam Vet and and African American.</p>
<p>He has wanted to get into aquaculture for years.</p>
<p>Thomas has a vacation house on the Eastern Shore where he thought it would be great to grow oysters like we do at my operation on St. Jerome Creek. So following the state guidelines at the time he first filed for an aquaculture permit with the Department of Natural Resources. After a couple of months of not hearing anything he called to ask what was going on. He was told that his permit application had not been accepted because he did not have a facility to inspect. He did not have a dock. To me, most docks look pretty much the same.</p>
<p>But what do I know.</p>
<p>In order to get his application accepted he had to build a dock. Docks are expensive! Well Thomas being a persistent fellow went ahead and got a dock built. He then called and told DNR that there was now a dock they could come and inspect. He was told he would have to re-apply.</p>
<p>So Thomas went ahead and re-applied. He sent in the required paperwork, again.</p>
<p>Upon receiving the application, one of the first things DNR did was send the aquaculture permit application around to bunches of different State, Federal and Local officials. One of these officials was … you are jumping to conclusionsnow!</p>
<p>Yes you are Right it was the Department of the Environment and the director of the shellfish waters section.</p>
<p>She dispatched one of her teams to go take a water sample at Thomas’s dock. They got the sample and off it went to the lab.</p>
<p>The lab reported high fecal coliform numbers and if you read my last piece on Iced Tea you know what that means.</p>
<p>The numbers were so high the area was immediately declared prohibited waters.</p>
<p>Absolutely no oysters may be grown there! Maryland Department of the Environment then made up a map showing the prohibited area and sent it out to all kinds of people on their special mailing list.</p>
<p>What they had done when they made the map was to put the point of a compass in the exact middle of Thomas’ Dock and draw a circle.</p>
<p>That Circle was 100 meters in diameter. That is just a little over 300 feet.</p>
<p>Thomas’ dock is 200 feet long.</p>
<p>So you get the picture.</p>
<p>A dock with a big black circle around it. Everything outside of the circle remained completely open to harvest. While everything inside the circle was now prohibited. We raised Cain together and finally got granted a meeting.</p>
<p>During the meeting I suggested that Thomas be allowed to raise seed oysters in tanks on the dock and we would run the intake line outside of the circle.</p>
<p>The number 2 in command of the Shellfish waters section exclaimed. We will just make circle bigger!</p>
<p>and the Bay needs more oysters&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. Huh?</p>
<p></span></strong></p>
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		<title>Endangered listing for sturgeon could limit or eliminate stocking, tagging programs</title>
		<link>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2010/12/27/endangered-listing-for-sturgeon-could-limit-or-eliminate-stocking-tagging-programs/</link>
		<comments>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2010/12/27/endangered-listing-for-sturgeon-could-limit-or-eliminate-stocking-tagging-programs/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Dec 2010 02:19:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>krossignol</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[The Bay/Environment]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.the-chesapeake.com/?p=1116</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[  By Karl Blankenship (Special to THE CHESAPEAKE) Atlantic sturgeon have no shortage of adjectives that suit them. Ancient, as in a fish species that has been around so long it swam with dinosaurs. Giant, as in the largest fish native to the Chesapeake Bay &#8211; it can grow to 14 feet and weigh 800 [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </p>
<p>By Karl Blankenship<br />
(Special to THE CHESAPEAKE)</p>
<p>Atlantic sturgeon have no shortage of adjectives that suit them. Ancient, as in a fish species that has been around so long it swam with dinosaurs. Giant, as in the largest fish native to the Chesapeake Bay &#8211; it can grow to 14 feet and weigh 800 pounds. Long-lived, as it can survive up to 60 years.</p>
<p>And potentially one more: federally endangered.</p>
<p>The National Marine Fisheries Service, a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has proposed listing most Atlantic sturgeon populations along the East Coast as endangered species, including those native to the Chesapeake, because they could become extinct in the foreseeable future.</p>
<p>Its recommendation came in response to a petition filed by the Natural Resources Defense Council that argued that current protections, including a coastwide ban on harvest, had been inadequate because they failed to address a gauntlet of other problems such as sturgeon bycatch in other fisheries, impacts of pollution, ship strikes, dredging and global warming.</p>
<p>The NMFS is expected to make a final decision about the listing late next year.</p>
<p>The recommendation is a mixed bag, scientists say.</p>
<p>It could bring more protection from ship strikes and sturgeon bycatch in other fisheries. It could also mean more support for research in the James River, where a small breeding population remains.</p>
<p>But scientists fear it could doom hopes to eventually stock sturgeon in Maryland tributaries, where the giant fish is thought to be extirpated from all rivers. A 15-year old sturgeon tagging program in Maryland may also be in jeopardy.</p>
<p>&#8220;Certainly, listing increases public awareness of the plight of the species,&#8221; said Brian Richardson, a fisheries biologist with the Maryland Department of Natural Resources. &#8220;But it most likely is going to have </p>
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		<title>Oysters and Tea Leaves / Regulating Colon Health</title>
		<link>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2010/12/02/oysters-and-tea-leaves-regulating-colon-health/</link>
		<comments>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2010/12/02/oysters-and-tea-leaves-regulating-colon-health/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 03 Dec 2010 02:25:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>krossignol</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[The Bay/Environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fecal coliform test]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ice tea panic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maryland regulators]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[MDE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[oysters]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pro-biotics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.the-chesapeake.com/?p=1031</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Everyone knows there are good and bad bacteria. But the importance of identifying the difference has been difficult for some regulators in Maryland to grasp.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By Richard Pelz<br />
THE CHESAPEAKE</p>
<p>Are oyster water regulators in bed with the pro-biotic companies? Probably not but they may as well be. Maryland Regulators are restricting public access to healthy oysters containing pro-biotics. So if you want pro-biotics in the near term; you will have to buy a colon health product, in a bottle, from a pharmaceutical company. Maryland’s Regulators won’t let you have them in your oysters.<br />
Health officials across the country were red faced when their test showed high levels of Fecal coliform in restaurant iced tea across the nation. Because it was totally untrue. Everyone knows there are good and bad bacteria. But the importance of identifying the difference has been difficult for some regulators in Maryland to grasp.<br />
Technically speaking regulators collect samples of stuff and send them to a laboratory for testing. They also tell the lab what test to use. The laboratory runs the test and tells them “this is what we found”. The regulators then look at their charts and decide how to act. But what if the test is just plain wrong or does not go far enough?<br />
This is what happened in the Iced Tea panic of 1995 and to those who dared to serve it. A test called the “Total fecal coliform test” was performed on restaurant iced tea. It showed really high numbers of bacteria. Nobody wants that in their tea! Would you?<br />
The problem with the FC test is that it lumps lots of different kinds of bacteria together. The good the bad and the ugly. But it does not do what it’s name implies. It does not just find fecal coliform. What it did find was bacteria normally found on plants. A more definitive test can be used to rule out plant bacteria. It was not used until after Restaurants were cited and reputations besmirched.<br />
What the test actually found was that people making iced tea used plant leaves. Surprise ! Surprise ! Tea leaves used to make iced tea!! What a concept. Leaves from a real plant! Now that is what I want in my tea.<br />
So what is the connection to oysters. Regulators in Maryland test shellfish growing waters and have samples tested using&#8230; You guessed it the exact same Total Fecal Coliform Test. Their laboratory told them they had really high counts of Fecal Coliform bacteria in St. Thomas Creek. St. Thomas Creek watershed is heavily forested. That means lots of trees with yes leaves. Ignoring this minor detail, MDE officials read the lab numbers and acted. They shut down the oyster company growing oysters there. The entire year’s crop sits waiting for who knows what.<br />
“The counts are too high to even allow relaying” they said. “It is a public health issue.” Relaying is the movement of Oysters from certain areas to clean water to flush them out prior to sale to consumers. But test for and exclude plant bacteria? What’s that?<br />
Will you ever be permitted to eat these scrumptious oysters filled with wonderful flavored protein and yes a couple of pro-biotic plant bacteria to go along? Not so far. MDE officials have promised to “look into the issue”. “But it is going to take some time” To prevent getting red faced again, I think they should start by reading the tea leaves.</p>
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		<title>Bivalve&#8217;s dramatic demise is as &#8216;quiet as a clam&#8217; Large clam species are collapsing throughout the Chesapeake</title>
		<link>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2010/10/21/bivalves-dramatic-demise-is-as-quiet-as-a-clam-large-clam-species-are-collapsing-throughout-the-chesapeake/</link>
		<comments>http://www.the-chesapeake.com/2010/10/21/bivalves-dramatic-demise-is-as-quiet-as-a-clam-large-clam-species-are-collapsing-throughout-the-chesapeake/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Oct 2010 07:08:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>krossignol</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[The Bay/Environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bivalve]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[clammers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[filter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[manos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NOAA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[oysters]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[razor clam]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[soft shell clams]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.the-chesapeake.com/?p=840</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Unlike oysters, which build elaborate reefs, soft-shell clams burrow into the sediment where they are out of sight - and seemingly out of mind.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By Karl Blankenship</p>
<p>Bay Journal News Service</p>
<p>It seems a familiar Chesapeake Bay story: A shellfish racked by disease, preyed upon by cownose rays, is at historic lows, depriving watermen of a valuable fishery and removing a key filter feeder from the ecosystem.</p>
<p>Biologists describe its loss as &#8220;catastrophic.&#8221; &#8220;It&#8217;s amazing,&#8221; biologist Mark Homer said of their dramatic decline.</p>
<p>&#8220;You feel sorry for the animal.&#8221; Homer wasn&#8217;t talking about the Bay&#8217;s best known beleaguered bivalve, the oyster, but rather the soft-shell clam.</p>
<p>And his worry goes beyond this one species of clam.</p>
<p>Scientists and watermen are witnessing a collapse of several key clam species all around the Bay.</p>
<div id="attachment_847" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Clam-dredger-underway.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-847" title="Clam dredger underway" src="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Clam-dredger-underway-300x189.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="189" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">This clam dredger was underway in 1968 when this photo was taken by NOAA on the Chesapeake Bay.  Clam dredges still operate on the Patuxent. </p></div>
<p>Unlike oysters, which build elaborate reefs, soft-shell clams burrow into the sediment where they are out of sight &#8211; and seemingly out of mind. So much so that few people seem to have noticed their near total collapse in Maryland over the last two decades, and their even earlier collapse in Virginia. Their decline around the Bay has been as dramatic &#8211; perhaps even more so &#8211; as that of oysters.</p>
<p>After peaking with harvests of nearly 700,000 bushels in Maryland during the early 1960s, the total catch in several recent years has been zero. &#8220;We are hesitant to write the obituary of soft-shell clams in the Chesapeake Bay, but recent landings, surveys and discussions with commercial clammers paint a gloomy future for this species,&#8221;</p>
<p>Homer and other Maryland scientists wrote in a recent report. But the scientists went on to paint an even grimmer tale. While studying the demise of soft shells, populations of another species, the stout razor clam, crashed as the researchers watched helplessly.</p>
<p>While other smaller clams may be more numerous, the larger soft shell and razor clams were once the dominant clams in Maryland in terms of biomass. Their numbers, and water-filtering ability, once may have rivaled that of oysters. The situation in Virginia appears no better. Its soft-shell clam fishery collapsed before Tropical Storm Agnes in 1972.</p>
<p>Neither soft-shell, nor razor clams, are sampled in routine surveys, but anecdotal evidence suggests that populations of both are greatly reduced, said Jim Wesson, a scientist with the Virginia Marine Resources Commission. &#8220;It doesn&#8217;t look like there are very many razors or soft shells there, but nobody has ever followed them.&#8221;</p>
<p>In addition, wild populations of the once-abundant hard clam in Virginia &#8211; the major commercial clam species in that state &#8211; have declined by more than half since the 1970s for reasons that are not fully understood.</p>
<p>&#8220;It is a very, very small fishery that is still harvesting wild clams,&#8221; Wesson said.</p>
<p>The type of clams found in the Bay varies from place to place. The hard clam is largely absent in Maryland waters because of the lower salinities there. The soft-shell clam has always been less abundant in Virginia waters because of warmer temperatures.</p>
<p>The Bay is near the southern limit of its range. But wherever one looks in the Bay today, there will almost certainly be fewer large clams than would have been the case a generation ago.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s a change that scientists worry could have a profound &#8211; if poorly understood &#8211; impact on the Bay ecosystem. Like oysters, most clams feed by filtering the water. While oysters sit above the surface and filter the passing water, clams dig into the sediment and feed through siphons they stick out of their burrows and into the water like straws.</p>
<p>&#8220;Obviously, if you have a good population and they are pumping away, they are taking phytoplankton out of the water, and if [clams] are not there, then what takes their place?&#8221; asked Vic Kennedy, a professor at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science who studies bivalve ecology.</p>
<p>Soft-shell clams actually have a higher filtering rate than oysters, and their filtering capacity may once have rivaled or surpassed that of the oyster population. &#8220;When you look at a harvest of more than 600,000 bushels, there had to have been a tremendous population of these things at one time,&#8221; Homer said.</p>
<p>Homer, a biologist with the Maryland Environmental Service, has been studying the evolving clam situation along with two other scientists, Mitchell Tarnowski, a shellfish biologist, and Christopher Dungan, a research scientist, both with the Maryland Department of Natural Resources.</p>
<p>Their work has been funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration&#8217;s Chesapeake Bay Office. Research indicates that the razor clams also filter the water, although the species is poorly studied and it&#8217;s uncertain whether it feeds primarily by sucking plankton out of the water column, or by vacuuming detritus off the bottom of the Bay. Of potentially greater concern is the impact on the food web.</p>
<p>Soft-shell clams are a major source of food for blue crabs, spot, croaker, flounder and other bottom feeders, as well as sea birds and some waterfowl. &#8220;In terms of the Bay&#8217;s food web, I think that at one time, soft-shell clams were more important than oysters,&#8221; Homer said. &#8220;It is like a gift to predators. They don&#8217;t have to spend a lot of energy to get it. There is just this little shell hiding this giant lump of protein and glycogen.&#8221;</p>
<p>The demise of clams could ripple through the system in somewhat unexpected ways, such as increasing cownose ray predation on oysters, Wesson said. &#8220;Rays used to eat the soft-shell and razor clams,&#8221; he said. &#8220;Since they are gone, that&#8217;s why rays are such a problem for us with oysters right now. There&#8217;s probably not that much food for them.&#8221;</p>
<p>Some speculate the clam loss could make it harder to sustain the robust blue crab populations that fishery managers want to restore. Studies by scientists at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science show that clams are a major food source for crabs; and clams become a more important part of the diet as crabs grow.</p>
<p>Razor clams appear to be popular blue crab food, especially in Maryland &#8211; the small harvest is used primarily for crab bait.</p>
<p>Howard Townsend, a scientist with NOAA&#8217;s Chesapeake Bay Office who is developing ecosystem fisheries models, has been working to incorporate clams into modeled food webs. Reaching conclusions in such models is difficult because they rely on predation studies, which are often limited.</p>
<p>Nonetheless, when he runs the model with reduced clam populations, blue crab numbers also drop. &#8220;In a modeled ecosystem, based on the data, it fits fairly well,&#8221; Townsend said, though he cautioned the lack of adequate monitoring makes it difficult to ascertain how well the modeled systems mimic real ones. Nonetheless, it illustrates how tweaking one part of the Bay food web can have ramifications elsewhere, Townsend said.</p>
<p>VIMS scientists who studied the blue crab diet caution that while soft-shell and razor clams may be popular food, crabs are omnivorous and eat almost anything they come across &#8211; including other blue crabs as they get older. And the most common clam found in crab guts, at least in Virginia, is the smaller but common Baltic macoma.</p>
<p>Crabs may like clams because they are especially nutritious &#8211; clams may live nearly a foot beneath the surface, but crabs find it worthwhile to dig that far to get them.<a href="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Dorsey-Law-Firm-Chesapeake-April-2010.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-768" title="Dorsey Law Firm Chesapeake April 2010" src="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Dorsey-Law-Firm-Chesapeake-April-2010-175x300.jpg" alt="" width="175" height="300" /></a></p>
<p>&#8220;They are such a good, nutritious food source for crabs,&#8221; said Rochelle Seitz, a VIMS scientist who studies benthic ecology. &#8220;And if they can get a large clam, then that is sort of a large bang for your buck.&#8221;</p>
<p>Finding substitutes may be getting harder, at least in Maryland, Homer said. Soft-shell clams were once the dominant species in the large barren or sandy bottom areas where they easily burrowed into the sediment. When they disappeared, there were plenty of razor clams filling that habitat niche &#8211; but now, those are largely gone, too.</p>
<p>But the full impact of that change isn&#8217;t known because clams have never received anywhere near the attention as oysters &#8211; either for research, or as a fishery. &#8220;Oysters have always been king,&#8221; Homer said. &#8220;If you had a certain amount of resources, you never bothered with clams.&#8221; Soft-shell clams, while popular in New England where they are known as &#8220;steamers,&#8221; were not a major harvest item in the Bay until the 1950s, when demand increased as clam beds in New England were overharvested.<a href="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Three-Notch-Trading-Mulch-ad-Ches-Aug-20101.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-766" title="Three Notch Trading Mulch ad Ches Aug 2010" src="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Three-Notch-Trading-Mulch-ad-Ches-Aug-20101-109x300.jpg" alt="" width="109" height="300" /></a></p>
<p>Harvesting in the Bay got a boost in 1951 when Fletcher Hanks of Oxford, MD, invented the hydraulic escalator clam dredge &#8211; a contraption that scoops sediment and clams loosened by jets of water onto a conveyor belt, which hauls it onto a boat. Soft-shell clam harvests dramatically increased around the Bay in the 1950s and 1960s &#8211; for a while, Maryland even had a &#8220;clam queen&#8221; to promote the fishery.</p>
<p>But the fishery in Virginia collapsed in the mid-1960s. In Maryland, catches declined after peaking at 680,000 bushels in 1964. A multitude of factors may have contributed to the clam decline.</p>
<p>In deeper waters, low-oxygen levels may have made some areas uninhabitable. Soft-shell clams, and possibly hard clams, may have been overfished; but razor clams, which were never a major commercial species, were not. Baywide, Tropical Storm Agnes devastated clam populations in 1972, smothering them under a layer of sediment. But the most persistent problem, at least for soft-shell and razor clams, appears to be disease.<a href="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Mickeys-Tuxedos-Ches-June-20103.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-765" title="Mickeys Tuxedos Ches June 2010" src="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Mickeys-Tuxedos-Ches-June-20103-300x215.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="215" /></a></p>
<p>While the soft-shell fishery rebounded in Maryland by the late 1970s, it never attained pre-Agnes levels. And then waves of disease began sweeping through the population. Christopher Dungan, a DNR scientist at the Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, said Dermo first turned up in soft-shell clams in Virginia in the 1950s. It&#8217;s possible it contributed to the population collapse in that state prior to Agnes, but no one knows.<a href="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/St.-Marys-Auto-Recycling-May-Ches1.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-764" title="St. Mary's Auto Recycling May Ches" src="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/St.-Marys-Auto-Recycling-May-Ches1-300x191.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="191" /></a></p>
<p>Another disease, disseminated neoplasia, a leukemia-like disease that is typically fatal within 6 months of occurrence, turned up in Maryland soft-shell clams in 1984. Biologists were on the lookout for that disease since it was identified devastating clam populations in New England in the 1970s.</p>
<p>At the time, Dungan said, it was thought that pollution allowed the disease to take hold in the animals &#8211; ironically, the Bay was considered too clean for DN. Then, Dermo-like parasites turned up in Maryland clams in the early 1990s. Harvests &#8211; which had reached post-Agnes highs of around 300,000 bushels in the late 1980s &#8211; crashed and never recovered. Commercial landings in recent years have been at or near zero.<a href="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Winslow-pump-and-well-Aug-Ches-0801011.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-829" title="Winslow pump and well Aug Ches 080101" src="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Winslow-pump-and-well-Aug-Ches-0801011-300x207.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="207" /></a></p>
<p>More recently, a virus disease has been detected in the gills of soft-shell clams.</p>
<p>Today, finding soft shell clams in bare areas in Maryland is rare, Homer said.</p>
<p>With their numbers greatly reduced, soft-shell clams are quickly eaten by predators. The remnant soft-shell clam population has retreated to &#8220;trashy&#8221; bottoms such as remnant oyster reefs or piles of man-made refuse, where they have some protection from predators.</p>
<p>When soft-shell clams began to decline, clammers began turning to stout razor clams, which had been sold largely as crab bait. But in late 2003, biologists were contacted by clammers who reported massive razor clam die-offs.</p>
<p>What biologists found was a situation even worse than the reports: By late 2004, their surveys indicated that 70-80 percent of the razor clam population in Maryland had died, apparently from disease.<a href="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Lindas-apron-ad-Ches-May-20101.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-828" title="Lindas apron ad Ches May 2010" src="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Lindas-apron-ad-Ches-May-20101-199x300.jpg" alt="" width="199" height="300" /></a></p>
<p>Since then, the scientists describe the razor clam population as being in a downward spiral. The magnitude of the decline is hard to gauge because populations were never assessedâ€”even now, razor clam catches are not reported. Scientists said that in areas where they once collected 12-13 bushels of razor clams an hour, they now get only two to three bushels. It&#8217;s possible the diseases could bring more problems for the Bay&#8217;s clams.</p>
<p>Dungan has detected Dermo in at least three other species of Bay clams, although its impact on those species is unknown.</p>
<p>Further perplexing Dungan and other scientists is the relationship between Dermo, oysters and clams.<a href="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Milts-Chesapeake-April-20103.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-763" title="Milts Chesapeake April 2010" src="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Milts-Chesapeake-April-20103-300x296.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="296" /></a></p>
<p>The type of Dermo infecting the clams, Perkinsus chesapeaki, is related to the Dermo parasite that has contributed to the devastation of the Bay&#8217;s oyster population, P. marinus. Oddly, P. marinus does not commonly infect clams in the wild, nor does P. chesapeaki infect oysters in the Bay, even though, as Dungan pointed out, &#8220;infected oysters and clams are living side-by-side, cheek to jowl.&#8221; Yet in the lab, clams and oysters acquire both infections. Such unexplainable variables lead some to hope that the diseases, which seem to have arrived so suddenly, may one day be vanquished in the Bay. While the outlook is gloomy, scientists have not given up: Seitz said soft-shell clam restoration is being considered as part of a conservation project in Virginia&#8217;s Lynnhaven River.<a href="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/SOMD-computers-0314103.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-762" title="SOMD computers 031410" src="http://www.the-chesapeake.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/SOMD-computers-0314103.jpg" alt="" width="280" height="193" /></a></p>
<p>The clams would be returned in conjunction with underwater grass beds, which would offer some shelter from predators.</p>
<p>If nothing else, the demise of the clams is a sobering reminder of how profoundly the Bay ecosystem has been altered &#8211; perhaps irreversibly &#8211; in recent decades. &#8220;Unfortunately, we&#8217;ve seen it so many times now,&#8221; Tarnowski said. &#8220;In my career in Maryland, I&#8217;ve seen the decimation of oysters, and then soft clams and now razors. What&#8217;s left? It&#8217;s like all the major shellfish species have been decimated by disease and one wonders what is going on in a broader context. Why are these animals becoming so vulnerable, and what does that bode for us as a species?&#8221;</p>
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